Graduating from a U.S. university is a monumental achievement. But what comes next? For many international students, the dream is not just to study in the United States—but to kickstart a thriving career here. This is where the Optional Practical Training (OPT) visa becomes your golden ticket.
In this definitive guide, we’ll break down everything you need to know about the OPT visa, explaining how it allows you to stay in the USA after graduation, work legally, and even open doors to long-term residency. Whether you’re a current student planning ahead or a recent graduate navigating the job market, this article is your ultimate resource for success.
What is OPT?
Optional Practical Training (OPT) is a temporary employment authorization for F-1 students in the United States. It allows eligible international students to work in their field of study for up to 12 months after graduation. Those with STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) degrees may be eligible for a 24-month extension, allowing up to 36 months of total work experience in the U.S.
OPT is a part of the F-1 visa program and is considered a stepping stone to obtaining a work visa (like the H-1B) or permanent residency.
Why OPT Matters: Real-World Experience + Career Opportunities
OPT is not just a visa benefit—it’s a career-launching platform. Here’s why:
- Gain U.S. Work Experience: Apply your classroom knowledge in real-world roles.
- Extend Your Stay: Legally remain in the U.S. for up to 3 years (with STEM OPT).
- Pathway to H-1B Visa: Many employers use OPT as a transition to sponsor H-1B work visas.
- Build Professional Networks: Connect with U.S.-based professionals and companies.
Types of OPT
There are three main types of OPT:
1. Pre-Completion OPT
- Used while you’re still studying.
- Part-time during school (20 hours/week).
- Full-time during breaks or summer vacation.
- Reduces your available post-completion OPT time.
2. Post-Completion OPT
- Begins after graduation.
- Full-time employment only.
- Most common choice among graduates.
3. STEM OPT Extension
- Additional 24 months of work for eligible STEM degree holders.
- Requires employer participation in E-Verify.
- Must apply before your initial OPT expires.
OPT Visa Eligibility Criteria
To qualify for OPT, you must:
- Hold an active F-1 student visa.
- Have completed at least one academic year of full-time study.
- Intend to work in a field directly related to your major.
- Not have used more than 12 months of full-time Curricular Practical Training (CPT).
OPT Application Process: Step-by-Step Guide
Step 1: Coordinate with Your DSO
Your school’s Designated School Official (DSO) must recommend you for OPT in SEVIS (Student and Exchange Visitor Information System) and update your Form I-20.
Step 2: File Form I-765
Submit Form I-765 (Application for Employment Authorization) to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), along with the required fee and documentation.
Step 3: Wait for Approval
USCIS will process your application in 90–120 days. Once approved, you will receive your Employment Authorization Document (EAD).
Step 4: Start Working
Begin working only after your EAD start date. You must find employment within 90 days to avoid falling out of status.
Timeline: When Should You Apply?
- Earliest: 90 days before graduation.
- Latest: 60 days after graduation.
- USCIS Deadline: Applications must be received within 30 days of DSO recommendation.
Apply early to avoid delays or risk losing your eligibility due to long processing times.
Job Requirements Under OPT
To maintain valid OPT status:
- Your job must directly relate to your field of study.
- You must not exceed 90 days of unemployment during your OPT period.
- You may work for:
- Multiple employers
- Short-term contracts
- Startups (with documentation)
- Unpaid internships (if they comply with labor laws)
STEM OPT Extension: A Game-Changer
If you have a degree in a STEM field, you’re eligible for a 24-month extension of your OPT period. Here’s what you need to know:
STEM OPT Eligibility:
- Earned a degree in an approved STEM field.
- Working for an E-Verify employer.
- Job is directly related to your STEM degree.
- Submit Form I-983 training plan with employer.
Application Timeline:
- Apply up to 90 days before your initial OPT ends.
- Must apply before your initial OPT expires.
STEM OPT gives you a powerful edge in the job market and a longer runway to secure H-1B sponsorship.
OPT vs. CPT vs. H-1B: What’s the Difference?
| Feature | OPT | CPT | H-1B |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visa Type | F-1 (student visa) | F-1 (student visa) | H-1B (work visa) |
| When Used | During/after graduation | During study | After graduation/employment |
| Work Authorization | Up to 12 months (+ STEM) | Variable (linked to curriculum) | Up to 6 years |
| Employer Sponsorship | Not required | Not required | Required |
| Field of Work | Must relate to major | Must relate to major | Related to job offer |
Common OPT Mistakes to Avoid
Even a small mistake can jeopardize your OPT status. Watch out for these pitfalls:
- Missing Application Deadline: Late submission can lead to denial.
- Unemployment Over 90 Days: Can trigger loss of legal status.
- Working Without EAD: Unauthorized employment is a serious violation.
- Job Not Related to Major: Leads to future visa rejections.
- Not Updating SEVIS: Always inform your DSO of employer details.
Can OPT Lead to a Green Card?
Yes, in many cases. Here’s how the journey typically looks:
- Start on OPT (F-1 Visa)
- Get H-1B Sponsorship from an employer.
- Apply for Employment-Based Green Card (EB-2/EB-3 category).
Many employers prefer hiring OPT candidates because it’s a low-commitment trial before investing in an H-1B or green card process.
Key Takeaways
- OPT allows F-1 students to work in the U.S. for up to 12 months, with a 24-month extension for STEM degrees.
- You must apply through USCIS and have a job related to your field of study.
- Apply early—processing can take 3+ months.
- STEM OPT gives you up to 3 years of U.S. work experience.
- OPT is a powerful launchpad toward H-1B and permanent residency.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Can I travel while my OPT is pending?
Yes, but it’s risky. You should carry:
- I-20 with OPT endorsement
- Valid F-1 visa
- USCIS receipt notice
- Job offer letter
2. What happens if I don’t find a job?
You are allowed 90 days of unemployment. Exceeding this limit may require you to leave the U.S. or change status.
3. Do unpaid internships count during OPT?
Yes, as long as they’re related to your field and comply with labor laws.
4. Can I switch jobs on OPT?
Yes, you can change employers, but each job must relate to your major, and you must notify your DSO.
5. Is OPT guaranteed after graduation?
No. Approval is at USCIS’s discretion, and it’s crucial to meet deadlines and follow instructions accurately.
Conclusion: Your U.S. Dream Doesn’t Have to End at Graduation
Graduation isn’t the end—it’s just the beginning. With the OPT visa, international students gain a unique opportunity to turn their academic success into professional growth. Whether you’re aiming for Silicon Valley, Wall Street, or anywhere in between, understanding your options and taking timely action will put you on the path to long-term success in the United States.
The OPT visa is more than just paperwork—it’s your career launchpad, your bridge from classroom to corporate, and your first step toward living the American Dream.